Modern breeds retain these component motor patterns, but their contexts, sequences, and thresholds vary ( 12, 13). Before the 1800s, dogs were primarily selected for functional roles such as hunting, guarding, and herding ( 11)-heritable behaviors derived from the wolf predatory sequence ( 12). By contrast, the modern dog breed, emphasizing conformation to a physical ideal and purity of lineage, is a Victorian invention ( 10). Early humans may have given favored dogs increased access to limited resources, but there is little evidence of humans intentionally breeding dogs until 2000 years ago ( 8, 9). Prehistoric wolves likely adapted to use human refuse through changes in morphology, behavior, metabolism, and reproduction ( 3– 7). Modern dog breeds are less than 160 years old (~50 to 80 generations), a blink in evolutionary history compared with the origin of dogs more than 10,000 years ago ( 1, 2) ( Fig. Karlsson +22 authors +20 authors +15 authors fewer Authors Info & Affiliations White, Zhiping Weng, Andrés Colubri, Diane P. Kathleen Morrill, Jessica Hekman, , Xue Li, Jesse McClure, , Brittney Logan, Linda Goodman, Mingshi Gao, Yinan Dong, Marjie Alonso, , Elena Carmichael, Noah Snyder-Mackler, Jacob Alonso, Hyun Ji Noh, Jeremy Johnson, Michele Koltookian, Charlie Lieu, Kate Megquier, Ross Swofford, Jason Turner-Maier, Michelle E.
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